Peptides for Health

Peptide therapy is exploding in popularity. Social media influencers tout “healing peptides” for injuries, biohackers inject growth hormone-releasing peptides for anti-aging, and weight loss peptides like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) have become household names. Peptide clinics are opening nationwide, and online vendors sell dozens of exotic peptides with bold promises.

But peptides are also confusing. Some have FDA approval and decades of research. Others are experimental compounds sold as “research chemicals not for human use.” Some cost $50/month from sketchy websites. Others cost $1,500/month from medical clinics. Some are genuine breakthroughs. Others are overhyped with minimal evidence.

This guide cuts through the noise. You’ll learn what peptides are, which ones have strong evidence versus speculative claims, safety and side effects, where to access them legally, and how they compare to alternatives like HGH and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Whether you’re considering peptides for weight loss, muscle building, injury healing, or anti-aging, this comprehensive resource gives you the evidence-based information to make informed decisions.

Understanding Peptides: The Science

What Are Peptides?

Peptides are short chains of amino acids—the building blocks of proteins. Think of amino acids as letters, peptides as words, and proteins as sentences. Specifically:

• Peptides: 2-50 amino acids
• Polypeptides: 50-100 amino acids
• Proteins: 100+ amino acids

This distinction matters because peptides are small enough to synthesize in laboratories and administer therapeutically. Proteins are too large and complex for easy drug development.

Peptides occur naturally throughout your body as signaling molecules. They bind to specific receptors on cells to trigger biological responses:

• Hormones: Insulin (51 amino acids) regulates blood sugar
• Neurotransmitters: Endorphins (30 amino acids) reduce pain
• Growth factors: IGF-1 (70 amino acids) stimulates tissue growth
• Immune signals: Thymosin alpha-1 (28 amino acids) enhances immune function

In medicine, synthetic peptides mimic or enhance these natural processes. Peptide drugs work by activating the same receptors as your body’s natural peptides, but with controlled timing and dosing.

History of Peptide Therapy

Peptides have been used in medicine for over 100 years:

• 1921: Insulin discovered—the first peptide drug, revolutionizing diabetes treatment
• 1970s: GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) synthesized for fertility treatments
• 1980s: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) developed for growth deficiency
• 1990s: GLP-1 receptor agonists researched for diabetes
• 2000s: First GLP-1 drugs approved (exenatide 2005, liraglutide 2010)
• 2010s: Semaglutide approved for diabetes (2017) and obesity (2021)
• 2020s: Peptide therapy expands into anti-aging, longevity, and biohacking markets

Today, over 60 peptide drugs have FDA approval, and hundreds more are in clinical development. The global peptide therapeutics market reached $30 billion in 2023 and is projected to hit $60 billion by 2030.

How Peptides Differ from Other Treatments

Peptides vs. Small Molecule Drugs (Pills): Most oral medications are small molecules (aspirin, statins, Viagra) that can survive stomach acid and enter the bloodstream. Peptides are broken down by digestive enzymes, so they require injection, nasal spray, or sublingual (under-tongue) administration. This limits convenience but allows targeted effects.

Peptides vs. Hormones: Hormones like testosterone or human growth hormone (HGH) are replacement therapy—you inject the actual hormone to raise levels. Peptides like sermorelin or CJC-1295 are secretagogues—they stimulate your body to produce more of its own hormones naturally. This distinction affects side effects and long-term safety.

Peptides vs. Proteins/Biologics: Proteins like monoclonal antibodies (Humira, Keytruda) are large molecules requiring complex manufacturing. Peptides are simpler and cheaper to produce, though still more expensive than pills. This makes peptides attractive for drug development.

Peptides vs. Steroids: Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones that override natural production, causing testicular shutdown, liver toxicity, and cardiovascular damage. Peptides work with your body’s existing systems, generally producing milder effects with fewer side effects.

FDA Approval Status: The Critical Distinction

This is the most important concept for understanding peptides:

FDA-Approved Peptides: These have passed Phase I (safety), Phase II (efficacy), and Phase III (large-scale) clinical trials. They have known safety profiles, standardized dosing, and pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing. Examples: semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy), sermorelin, tesamorelin, insulin.

Experimental/Research Peptides: These lack FDA approval for human use but show promise in animal studies or small human trials. They’re sold by research chemical vendors as “not for human use” to skirt regulations. Examples: BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295/Ipamorelin (non-approved formulations), Semax, Selank.

Compounded Peptides: Pharmacies create custom formulations of peptides based on physician prescriptions. Some contain FDA-approved peptides (sermorelin), others use experimental peptides in a legal gray area. Quality varies—compounding lacks the same regulatory oversight as pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Key takeaway: Start with FDA-approved peptides when possible. They have the best safety data. Experimental peptides may offer benefits but carry unknown long-term risks and quality control issues.

Types of Peptides by Category

Peptides are often grouped by their primary therapeutic target. This section covers the major categories, specific peptides within each, clinical evidence, benefits, risks, typical dosing, and costs.

1. Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides

These peptides stimulate your pituitary gland to produce more growth hormone (GH) naturally, rather than injecting synthetic GH directly.

Sermorelin (GRF 1-29)

FDA Status: Approved for pediatric growth hormone deficiency, prescribed off-label for adults How It Works: Bioidentical copy of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Binds to GHRH receptors in the pituitary, triggering natural GH pulses.

Clinical Evidence: Studies show sermorelin increases GH levels 2-10x within 30-60 minutes of injection. Effects are dose-dependent and preserve natural pulsatile GH release (unlike HGH replacement which suppresses natural production). A 2012 study in aging adults found sermorelin improved sleep quality, lean mass, and exercise recovery over 12 weeks.

Benefits:

• Improved sleep quality and deeper REM cycles
• Enhanced muscle recovery after exercise
• Gradual reduction in body fat (5-10% over 3-6 months)
• Better skin texture and elasticity
• Increased energy and motivation
• Supports bone density maintenance

Risks/Side Effects:

• Injection site reactions (redness, itching)—10-15% of users
• Flushing or headaches—5-10% of users
• Temporary water retention—5% of users
• Potential insulin resistance with long-term high-dose use
• Contraindicated in active cancer (GH may promote tumor growth)

Dosing: Typically 200-500 mcg injected subcutaneously before bed (GH is naturally released during deep sleep). Most protocols use 5-7 days per week.

Cost: $300-500/month from licensed providers like Hone Health or Vault Health. Includes physician supervision and prescription-grade product.

Verdict: Sermorelin is one of the safest growth hormone peptides with FDA approval and decades of use. Good option for men with symptoms of growth hormone decline (poor sleep, slow recovery, stubborn body fat) who want to avoid HGH’s risks and costs.

CJC-1295 (Modified GRF 1-29)

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved; widely used experimentally How It Works: Modified version of sermorelin with longer half-life (6-8 days vs. 30 minutes). This means less frequent dosing but more sustained GH elevation.

Clinical Evidence: Small human studies show CJC-1295 increases GH and IGF-1 levels for up to 1 week after a single injection. A 2005 study found CJC-1295 raised IGF-1 by 60% in healthy adults with minimal side effects. Lacks large-scale safety trials.

Benefits: Similar to sermorelin but with more convenient dosing (1-2x weekly instead of daily). May produce more stable GH elevations.

Risks/Side Effects: Similar to sermorelin. Some concern that sustained GH elevation (vs. pulsatile) may increase insulin resistance risk, but this isn’t proven.

Dosing: Typically 1-2 mg injected subcutaneously 1-2x per week, often combined with ipamorelin (see below).

Cost: $250-400/month through compounding pharmacies or anti-aging clinics. Quality control is less reliable than FDA-approved sermorelin.

Verdict: CJC-1295 offers convenience (fewer injections) but less safety data than sermorelin. Popular in longevity and biohacking communities. If choosing this route, use licensed providers who prescribe pharmaceutical-grade compounded versions—not research chemical vendors.

Ipamorelin

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved; used experimentally How It Works: Growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) that mimics ghrelin, the “hunger hormone.” Triggers GH release through a different pathway than GHRH peptides.

Clinical Evidence: Animal studies and small human trials show ipamorelin increases GH without affecting cortisol, prolactin, or appetite (unlike other ghrelin mimetics). A 2010 study in healthy men found ipamorelin raised GH 3-5x with minimal side effects. Lacks large safety trials.

Benefits:

• GH boost without appetite increase
• No cortisol spike (unlike GHRP-6 or GHRP-2)
• Synergistic with CJC-1295 when stacked
• May improve sleep and recovery

Risks/Side Effects: Minimal reported side effects. Possible headache, flushing, or injection site reactions in <5% of users.

Dosing: Typically 200-300 mcg injected subcutaneously 1-3x daily (before bed and optionally post-workout). Often combined with CJC-1295 for synergistic effects.

Cost: $200-350/month. Usually stacked with CJC-1295, bringing total to $400-600/month.

Verdict: Ipamorelin has a favorable side effect profile and is frequently combined with CJC-1295 in anti-aging protocols. Limited human safety data compared to sermorelin. Choose licensed providers over research vendors.

Tesamorelin

FDA Status: FDA-approved for HIV-related lipodystrophy (abnormal fat distribution) How It Works: Synthetic GHRH analog that stimulates growth hormone release, specifically targeting visceral (belly) fat.

Clinical Evidence: FDA approval based on trials in HIV patients showing 15-20% reduction in visceral fat over 26 weeks. Subsequent studies suggest benefits for metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity in non-HIV populations.

Benefits:

• Significant visceral fat reduction
• Improved insulin sensitivity
• May reduce cardiovascular risk markers
• Stronger evidence than experimental peptides

Risks/Side Effects:

• Joint pain and muscle aches (15-20%)
• Peripheral edema/water retention (10%)
• Potential worsening of pre-existing diabetes
• Expensive ($4,000-5,000/month)

Dosing: 2 mg injected subcutaneously daily.

Cost: $4,000-5,000/month. Often covered by insurance for HIV-related lipodystrophy but not for general weight loss or anti-aging.

Verdict: Strongest FDA approval and clinical evidence among GH peptides, but prohibitively expensive for most users outside approved indication. If cost isn’t an issue and visceral fat is your primary concern, tesamorelin is well-validated.

2. Weight Loss Peptides (GLP-1 Agonists)

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a natural hormone released by your intestines after eating. It slows digestion, increases insulin, reduces glucagon, and signals fullness to the brain. GLP-1 agonist peptides mimic this effect with longer-lasting action.

Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy)

FDA Status: Approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic, 2017) and chronic weight management (Wegovy, 2021) How It Works: GLP-1 receptor agonist that reduces appetite, slows gastric emptying, and improves insulin sensitivity.

Clinical Evidence: The STEP trials (2021) showed semaglutide produced 15% average weight loss over 68 weeks in obese adults—significantly more than any prior weight loss drug. Additional cardiovascular benefits include reduced heart attack and stroke risk in the SELECT trial (2023).

Benefits:

• 10-15% weight loss on average (some lose 20%+)
• Reduced appetite and food cravings
• Improved blood sugar control
• Cardiovascular risk reduction
• Once-weekly injection

Risks/Side Effects:

• Nausea (44% of users, especially first 4-8 weeks)
• Diarrhea (30%), vomiting (24%), constipation (24%)
• Abdominal pain (20%)
• Rare: pancreatitis, gallbladder disease
• Thyroid tumors in rodents (unclear if relevant to humans)
• Muscle loss (25-40% of weight lost is lean tissue—mitigate with resistance training and protein intake)

Dosing: Start 0.25 mg weekly, escalate to 1 mg (Ozempic) or 2.4 mg (Wegovy) over 16-20 weeks. Inject subcutaneously once weekly.

Cost: $900-1,500/month retail. Compounded semaglutide from providers like Hims or Ro costs $200-400/month. Insurance may cover for diabetes or obesity (BMI >30 or >27 with comorbidities).

Verdict: Semaglutide is the most effective FDA-approved weight loss medication available. Expect significant nausea initially, which usually improves. Budget for $200-400/month long-term (compounded) or $900-1,500/month (brand-name). Weight typically returns if you stop, so treat as long-term therapy.

Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound)

FDA Status: Approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro, 2022) and chronic weight management (Zepbound, 2023) How It Works: Dual GLP-1 and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor agonist. The GIP component enhances effects beyond semaglutide.

Clinical Evidence: The SURMOUNT trials (2022) showed tirzepatide produced 21% average weight loss over 72 weeks—the most effective obesity drug ever tested. Side effect profile similar to semaglutide.

Benefits:

• Greater weight loss than semaglutide (21% vs. 15% average)
• Improved metabolic markers (blood sugar, triglycerides, blood pressure)
• Once-weekly injection

Risks/Side Effects: Similar to semaglutide: nausea (33%), diarrhea (23%), vomiting (13%), constipation (18%). Slightly lower nausea rates than semaglutide.

Dosing: Start 2.5 mg weekly, escalate to 10-15 mg over 20-24 weeks.

Cost: $1,000-1,500/month retail. Compounded tirzepatide costs $300-500/month. Insurance coverage similar to semaglutide (diabetes or obesity indication).

Verdict: Tirzepatide edges out semaglutide for weight loss efficacy with slightly better tolerability. More expensive currently but price gap is narrowing with compounded versions. If semaglutide plateaus, tirzepatide is the next step.

Liraglutide (Saxenda, Victoza)

FDA Status: Approved for type 2 diabetes (Victoza, 2010) and weight management (Saxenda, 2014) How It Works: Earlier-generation GLP-1 agonist, requires daily (vs. weekly) injection.

Clinical Evidence: Pre-semaglutide trials showed liraglutide produced 5-8% weight loss—effective but less than newer GLP-1 drugs.

Benefits:

• Proven weight loss (though less than semaglutide/tirzepatide)
• Longest track record of GLP-1 drugs (14 years)

Risks/Side Effects: Similar to semaglutide but slightly higher nausea rates due to daily dosing.

Dosing: 3 mg injected subcutaneously daily.

Cost: $1,200-1,400/month.

Verdict: Liraglutide is largely obsolete now that semaglutide and tirzepatide are available. Daily injections and lower efficacy make it a second-tier choice. Only consider if insurance covers liraglutide but not newer options.

3. Healing & Tissue Repair Peptides

These peptides target injury healing, inflammation reduction, and tissue regeneration. Most lack FDA approval and have limited human data, but show promise in animal research and anecdotal use.

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157)

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved; sold as research chemical How It Works: Synthetic peptide derived from a protein in gastric juice. Appears to promote angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation), modulate growth factors, and enhance tissue repair.

Clinical Evidence: Extensive animal studies show BPC-157 accelerates healing of tendons, ligaments, muscles, and gut tissue. Human data is limited to case reports and anecdotal accounts. No large-scale safety trials exist.

Benefits (Based on Animal Studies & Anecdotal Reports):

• Faster recovery from tendon/ligament injuries (Achilles, rotator cuff)
• Reduced joint pain and inflammation
• Improved gut healing (may help with IBS, leaky gut, ulcers)
• Enhanced muscle strain recovery
• Possible neuroprotective effects

Risks/Side Effects: Minimal reported side effects in human use. Possible headaches, fatigue, or injection site reactions. Long-term safety unknown—BPC-157 affects multiple signaling pathways (VEGF, growth factors) which theoretically could impact cancer risk, but this is speculative.

Dosing: Typically 250-500 mcg injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly 1-2x daily, often near injury site. Oral forms exist but absorption is questionable.

Cost: $150-300/month from research chemical vendors or compounding pharmacies. Quality varies significantly.

Verdict: BPC-157 has the most compelling animal data of any healing peptide and widespread anecdotal support from athletes and biohackers. However, the lack of human trials, FDA approval, and quality control concerns make it a calculated risk. If considering, use pharmaceutical-grade compounded versions from licensed providers—not random research chemical websites.

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment)

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved; sold as research chemical How It Works: Synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, a protein involved in tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation.

Clinical Evidence: Animal studies show TB-500 promotes wound healing, reduces inflammation, and enhances tissue repair. Small human trials for specific conditions (e.g., pressure ulcers, dry eye) show promise. No large-scale trials.

Benefits (Animal Studies & Anecdotal):

• Promotes healing of muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries
• Reduces inflammation and scar tissue formation
• May improve joint mobility
• Potential cardiovascular benefits (angiogenesis in damaged heart tissue)

Risks/Side Effects: Generally well-tolerated in reported use. Possible headache, lethargy, or injection site reactions. Long-term safety unknown.

Dosing: Typically 2-5 mg injected subcutaneously 1-2x weekly for 4-6 weeks, then maintenance dosing or cycling off.

Cost: $250-400/month.

Verdict: TB-500 is often stacked with BPC-157 for synergistic healing effects (they work through different mechanisms). Similar caveats apply: promising research, limited human data, variable quality. Best used short-term for specific injury recovery rather than indefinite use.

GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved for systemic use; used in topical skincare products How It Works: Naturally occurring peptide that binds copper ions. Involved in wound healing, collagen production, and antioxidant activity.

Clinical Evidence: Human studies on topical GHK-Cu show improved skin firmness, reduced wrinkles, and enhanced wound healing. Injectable GHK-Cu has minimal human data but animal studies suggest systemic anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effects.

Benefits:

• Improved skin quality (collagen stimulation, reduced wrinkles)
• Enhanced wound healing
• Possible anti-inflammatory effects
• May support hair growth (topical application)

Risks/Side Effects: Topical use is safe. Injectable GHK-Cu has minimal reported issues but limited data.

Dosing: Injectable: 1-2 mg subcutaneously 2-3x weekly. Topical: applied daily as serum or cream.

Cost: $100-200/month for injectable; $30-80/month for topical products.

Verdict: GHK-Cu has better human data for topical use than systemic injection. If skin health is the goal, topical GHK-Cu is safer and well-supported. Injectable use is speculative.

4. Sexual Health Peptides

PT-141 (Bremelanotide)

FDA Status: FDA-approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women; used off-label in men How It Works: Melanocortin receptor agonist that acts on the central nervous system to increase sexual arousal (unlike Viagra/Cialis which work on blood vessels).

Clinical Evidence: FDA approval based on trials in women showing improved sexual desire. Studies in men with ED show PT-141 improves erections, particularly in cases with psychological or neurological causes (not vascular ED). Works within 2-4 hours of injection.

Benefits:

• Increases libido and arousal (central mechanism)
• May help ED cases that don’t respond to PDE5 inhibitors (Viagra, Cialis)
• Fast-acting (2-4 hours)
• No cardiovascular contraindications like PDE5 inhibitors

Risks/Side Effects:

• Nausea (40% of users, typically mild)
• Flushing (20%)
• Headache (10%)
• Elevated blood pressure (usually temporary)

Dosing: 1.75-2 mg injected subcutaneously 2-4 hours before sexual activity. Not for daily use—taken as-needed.

Cost: $30-60 per dose; $120-240/month if used weekly. Available through providers like Hims, Ro, and Manual.

Verdict: PT-141 is a unique option for men with ED that has psychological or neurological components, or those who can’t use PDE5 inhibitors due to heart conditions. As-needed dosing is convenient. Nausea is common but manageable.

Kisspeptin

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved; experimental How It Works: Naturally occurring peptide that stimulates GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) release, which increases LH and FSH, leading to testosterone production.

Clinical Evidence: Small human trials show kisspeptin boosts testosterone and libido in hypogonadal men. May improve sperm production. Very limited safety data.

Benefits (Preliminary):

• Increases natural testosterone production
• May enhance libido and sexual function
• Potential fertility benefits

Risks/Side Effects: Minimal reported but data is scarce. Theoretical risk of overstimulating HPG axis.

Dosing: Experimental protocols use 1-10 nmol/kg IV; practical subcutaneous dosing unclear.

Cost: Not widely available outside research settings.

Verdict: Interesting mechanism but too experimental for routine use. Standard TRT or hCG are better-established for testosterone optimization.

5. Anti-Aging & Longevity Peptides

Epithalon (Epitalon)

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved; primarily researched in Russia How It Works: Synthetic version of epithalamin, a pineal gland peptide. Claimed to activate telomerase (enzyme that lengthens telomeres, the protective caps on DNA).

Clinical Evidence: Small Russian studies suggest epithalon may extend lifespan in animal models and improve some aging biomarkers in humans. Western peer-reviewed research is limited. Mechanism is controversial—telomerase activation could theoretically increase cancer risk.

Benefits (Speculative):

• May lengthen telomeres and slow cellular aging
• Possible improvements in sleep and melatonin regulation
• Anecdotal reports of enhanced vitality

Risks/Side Effects: Minimal reported. Theoretical cancer risk if telomerase is activated in all cells (including cancerous ones).

Dosing: Typically 5-10 mg injected subcutaneously daily for 10-20 day cycles, 1-2x per year.

Cost: $200-400 per cycle.

Verdict: Epithalon is highly speculative with minimal rigorous research. The telomerase activation claim is intriguing but unproven in humans and carries theoretical risks. Not recommended outside experimental contexts.

NAD+ Precursors (NAD+ IV, Subcutaneous NAD+)

FDA Status: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) itself isn’t a peptide, but often grouped with peptide therapies. Not FDA-approved; used experimentally How It Works: NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism and DNA repair. Levels decline with age. Supplementation (IV or injection) aims to restore NAD+ and improve cellular function.

Clinical Evidence: Small studies suggest NAD+ infusions improve energy, mental clarity, and metabolic markers. Oral NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR) have better research but lower bioavailability than IV/injectable forms.

Benefits (Anecdotal & Preliminary):

• Increased energy and mental clarity
• Improved metabolic function
• Possible anti-aging effects at cellular level

Risks/Side Effects: IV NAD+ can cause significant discomfort (flushing, chest tightness, nausea) during infusion. Slower infusions reduce side effects.

Dosing: IV: 250-1,000 mg infused over 1-4 hours, 1-4x per month. Subcutaneous: 50-100 mg injected 2-3x weekly.

Cost: $400-800 per IV infusion; $200-400/month for subcutaneous.

Verdict: NAD+ therapy is popular in longevity clinics but has limited rigorous evidence. Oral NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR) are cheaper and may offer similar benefits with fewer side effects. IV NAD+ is expensive and uncomfortable—consider oral options first.

6. Cognitive Enhancement Peptides

Semax

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved in US; approved in Russia for stroke and cognitive disorders How It Works: Synthetic analog of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) that modulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine, and serotonin.

Clinical Evidence: Russian studies show Semax improves cognitive function in stroke patients and enhances memory/learning in healthy individuals. Limited Western research.

Benefits (Russian Studies & Anecdotal):

• Improved focus and mental clarity
• Enhanced memory formation
• Possible neuroprotective effects
• Mood improvement

Risks/Side Effects: Generally well-tolerated. Possible headaches, anxiety, or overstimulation in sensitive individuals.

Dosing: Nasal spray, 200-600 mcg per dose, 1-3x daily.

Cost: $40-80/month.

Verdict: Semax has intriguing cognitive enhancement properties but most research is from Russian sources with limited Western validation. Nasal administration is convenient. May be worth experimenting if seeking nootropic effects, but expect modest, not dramatic, improvements.

Selank

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved in US; approved in Russia for anxiety How It Works: Synthetic analog of tuftsin (immune system peptide) with anxiolytic and nootropic effects. Modulates GABA, serotonin, and dopamine.

Clinical Evidence: Russian trials show Selank reduces anxiety without sedation and improves cognitive performance under stress. Limited Western validation.

Benefits (Russian Studies & Anecdotal):

• Reduced anxiety without drowsiness
• Improved focus and mental clarity
• Enhanced stress resilience
• Possible immune modulation

Risks/Side Effects: Minimal reported. Possible mild sedation in some users.

Dosing: Nasal spray, 200-600 mcg per dose, 1-3x daily.

Cost: $40-80/month.

Verdict: Selank is positioned as a non-sedating anxiolytic with cognitive benefits. Similar caveats to Semax: interesting mechanism, limited Western research. Nasal delivery is convenient for as-needed use.

7. Immune System Peptides

Thymosin Alpha-1

FDA Status: Not FDA-approved in US; approved in ~30 other countries for immune enhancement How It Works: Naturally occurring peptide from the thymus gland that modulates T-cell function and enhances immune response.

Clinical Evidence: Studies (primarily outside US) show thymosin alpha-1 improves outcomes in chronic hepatitis B/C, enhances vaccine response in elderly, and may reduce severity of viral infections. Used in some countries for COVID-19 support.

Benefits:

• Enhanced immune function
• May reduce severity/duration of viral infections
• Supports vaccine response
• Potential benefits for chronic infections

Risks/Side Effects: Generally well-tolerated. Possible injection site reactions or mild flu-like symptoms initially.

Dosing: Typically 1.6 mg injected subcutaneously 2-3x weekly, often cyclically (e.g., 3 months on, 1 month off).

Cost: $200-400/month.

Verdict: Thymosin alpha-1 has legitimate immune-modulating effects supported by international research. Useful for men with chronic infections, frequent illness, or compromised immunity. Not a magic bullet but has a reasonable evidence base compared to many experimental peptides.

How Peptides Are Used

Administration Methods

Subcutaneous Injection (Most Common): Peptides are typically injected with small insulin syringes (29-31 gauge) into subcutaneous fat—usually abdomen, thigh, or buttock. This allows slow absorption and avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver.

Injection Technique:

1. Reconstitute lyophilized (freeze-dried) peptide powder with bacteriostatic water (usually included by provider)
2. Draw prescribed dose into insulin syringe
3. Clean injection site with alcohol wipe
4. Pinch skin and insert needle at 45-90° angle
5. Inject slowly, withdraw needle, dispose safely

Tips: Rotate injection sites to avoid lipohypertrophy (lumps from repeated injections in same spot). Store reconstituted peptides refrigerated; most remain stable 2-4 weeks. Never share needles.

Intramuscular Injection (Less Common): Some peptides (TB-500, BPC-157) are occasionally injected intramuscularly, especially near injury sites. Uses slightly larger needles (25-27 gauge).

Nasal Spray: Cognitive peptides (Semax, Selank) and some experimental peptides are administered nasally. Convenient and avoids injections but bioavailability varies.

Sublingual/Oral (Limited): Some peptides are marketed in oral or sublingual forms, but most peptides are broken down by digestive enzymes. Oral bioavailability is generally poor except for specially designed formulations. Be skeptical of oral peptide supplements—they’re likely ineffective.

Treatment Protocols & Timing

Growth Hormone Peptides: Best injected before bed to align with natural GH release during deep sleep. Sermorelin and CJC-1295/Ipamorelin are typically evening-dosed. Some protocols add morning or post-workout doses for enhanced anabolic effects.

GLP-1 Weight Loss Peptides: Semaglutide and tirzepatide are once-weekly, any time of day. Consistency is key—same day each week. Take with or without food.

Healing Peptides: BPC-157 and TB-500 are often dosed 1-2x daily. Some inject near injury sites, though systemic administration (abdomen) works due to circulatory distribution.

Sexual Health Peptides: PT-141 is taken as-needed 2-4 hours before anticipated sexual activity (not daily).

Cycling vs. Continuous Use: Some providers recommend cycling peptides (e.g., 3 months on, 1 month off) to prevent receptor desensitization or hormonal adaptation. Others support continuous use for chronic conditions. Approach depends on peptide type and individual goals. Discuss with your provider.

What to Expect: Timelines

First 1-2 Weeks: Minimal noticeable effects for most peptides. GLP-1 peptides may cause nausea and appetite suppression immediately. PT-141 works within hours but is as-needed. Other peptides require cumulative effects.

Weeks 2-4: Growth hormone peptides may improve sleep quality and recovery. Healing peptides may reduce inflammation or pain. Weight loss peptides show 2-5 lb loss if diet is dialed in.

Weeks 4-8: Noticeable benefits emerge: improved body composition (less fat, slightly more lean mass), better energy, enhanced recovery, reduced joint pain, or faster injury healing depending on peptide used.

Months 3-6: Full effects plateau. Growth hormone peptides show body recomposition (5-10% fat loss, modest muscle gain). GLP-1 peptides produce 10-15% weight loss. Healing peptides complete tissue repair.

Long-Term (6+ Months): Maintenance phase. Benefits stabilize. Discontinuing peptides typically reverses effects gradually—peptides don’t permanently alter physiology.

Monitoring & Lab Testing

Baseline Labs (Before Starting):

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
• Lipid panel
• Hemoglobin A1c (blood sugar)
• Hormone panels: testosterone, IGF-1, thyroid (TSH, free T3/T4)
• Liver enzymes (ALT, AST)

Follow-Up Labs (Every 3-6 Months): Repeat above to monitor for adverse effects:

• Growth hormone peptides: Check IGF-1 levels (ensure not excessively elevated), fasting glucose/insulin (watch for insulin resistance), liver enzymes
• GLP-1 peptides: Monitor A1c, lipase/amylase (pancreas enzymes), liver function
• All peptides: General metabolic and hormonal health

Labs cost $200-400 per panel. Many peptide providers include labs in their programs. Services like Hone Health, Vault Health, and Maximus offer at-home lab kits with physician review.

Combining Peptides with Other Therapies

Peptides + TRT (Testosterone Replacement Therapy): Growth hormone peptides stack well with TRT for body recomposition. TRT builds muscle; GH peptides reduce fat and improve recovery. Many longevity clinics offer combined protocols.

Peptides + Diet/Exercise: Peptides are not magic—they enhance results from proper nutrition and training. GLP-1 peptides require high-protein intake (1 g/lb bodyweight) and resistance training to minimize muscle loss. Growth hormone peptides maximize effects when paired with strength training.

Peptides + Other Medications: Generally safe to combine peptides with most medications, but check with your provider. GLP-1 peptides can delay gastric emptying, potentially affecting absorption of oral medications. Growth hormone peptides may affect insulin sensitivity—diabetics need careful monitoring.

Safety, Risks & What You Need to Know

Quality Control: The Biggest Concern

Peptides are only as good as their manufacturing quality. Unlike FDA-approved pharmaceuticals with strict oversight, the peptide market has significant quality issues:

Problems with Research Chemical Vendors:

• Purity: Third-party testing found 26% of online peptides contained <90% stated peptide, with contaminants including bacterial endotoxins, heavy metals, or wrong peptides entirely.
• Potency: Many peptides are underdosed or degraded from improper storage.
• Sterility: Non-sterile peptides risk injection site infections or systemic illness.
• Labeling: Some products don’t contain the listed peptide at all.

How to Ensure Quality:

1. Use Prescription Peptides from Licensed Providers: Companies like Hone Health, Vault Health, and Maximus prescribe pharmaceutical-grade or compounded peptides with proper oversight.
2. Request Third-Party Testing: Reputable compounding pharmacies provide certificates of analysis (CoA) showing purity, sterility, and potency testing.
3. Avoid “Research Chemical” Websites: Sites selling peptides “not for human use” lack pharmaceutical standards. Even if cheaper, risks outweigh savings.
4. Check Storage: Peptides should arrive refrigerated or with ice packs. Store lyophilized powder in fridge or freezer; reconstituted peptides in fridge.

Legal Considerations

Prescription Requirement: Therapeutic peptides (anything affecting hormones, metabolism, or tissue repair) are prescription-only in the US. Possessing or using non-prescribed peptides is legally questionable.

“Research Chemical” Loophole: Vendors sell peptides labeled “for research purposes only, not for human use” to skirt FDA regulations. Purchasing is legal; using them on yourself is a gray area. If caught, consequences vary (unlikely prosecution for personal use, but possible).

Customs Issues: Importing peptides from overseas (China, Russia) risks customs seizure. Domestic compounding pharmacies are safer legally.

Verdict: Stick with prescribed peptides from US-based licensed providers to avoid legal ambiguity.

Side Effect Red Flags: When to Stop

Most peptide side effects are mild and manageable, but some warrant immediate cessation:

Severe Allergic Reactions: Rash, hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face/throat. Seek emergency care.

Persistent Severe Nausea/Vomiting (GLP-1 Peptides): If you can’t keep fluids down or lose >10 lbs rapidly, stop peptide and consult provider. Risk of dehydration or pancreatitis.

Severe Joint Pain or Carpal Tunnel (GH Peptides): Indicates excessive GH elevation or fluid retention. Reduce dose or discontinue.

Signs of Pancreatitis (GLP-1 Peptides): Severe upper abdominal pain radiating to back, nausea, fever. Stop peptide immediately and seek medical care.

Vision Changes or Severe Headaches: Could indicate elevated intracranial pressure (rare with GH peptides) or other serious issues.

Unexplained Lumps or Masses: Growth hormone theoretically could promote tumor growth. Any new lumps warrant evaluation.

Who Should Not Use Peptides

Absolute Contraindications:

• Active cancer or history of cancer (growth hormone peptides may promote tumor growth)
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women (insufficient safety data)
• Children/adolescents (except FDA-approved uses like growth deficiency)
• History of pancreatitis (especially for GLP-1 peptides)
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (GLP-1 peptides)

Relative Contraindications (Use with Caution):

• Diabetes (peptides affecting insulin require close monitoring)
• Cardiovascular disease (some peptides affect heart rate, blood pressure)
• Liver or kidney disease (affects peptide metabolism and clearance)
• Autoimmune conditions (immune-modulating peptides could exacerbate)

Always disclose full medical history to prescribing provider.

Long-Term Safety: Unknown Territories

Even FDA-approved peptides have limited long-term data:

• GLP-1 peptides: Approved since 2005, but high-dose weight loss formulations (semaglutide 2.4 mg) have <5 years of data. Long-term cardiovascular benefits are proven, but 10-20 year safety unknown.
• Growth hormone peptides: Sermorelin used since 1990s, but long-term adult use data is sparse. CJC-1295, Ipamorelin lack decade+ human studies.
• Experimental peptides: BPC-157, TB-500, cognitive peptides have minimal human data beyond 6-12 months.

Approach: Start with FDA-approved options when possible. Use experimental peptides for defined purposes (injury recovery) with plan to discontinue after 3-6 months. Long-term use of unproven peptides is a calculated risk.

Where to Get Peptides Safely

Legitimate Prescription Sources

Online Telehealth Services (Most Convenient): Several men’s health telehealth companies prescribe peptides with physician oversight:

• Hone Health: Offers sermorelin, semaglutide, and other peptides alongside TRT. Includes at-home lab testing, physician consultations, and pharmaceutical-grade or compounded peptides. $150-300/month plus medication costs. Good for comprehensive hormone optimization.

• Vault Health: Premium peptide and TRT programs with dedicated care teams. Offers sermorelin, CJC-1295/Ipamorelin, semaglutide. $200-400/month plus medication. Ideal for men wanting high-touch medical support.

• Maximus: Focuses on performance optimization including peptides (sermorelin, weight loss peptides). Offers physician consultations and compounded medications. $199-299/month. Good for younger men focused on fitness and performance.

• Lifeforce: Comprehensive longevity platform offering extensive lab testing, physician-designed peptide protocols (GH peptides, weight loss peptides, healing peptides), and ongoing optimization. Premium pricing ($500-1,500/month) but thorough approach. Best for men serious about longevity and willing to invest.

• Hims and Ro: Primarily known for ED and hair loss, but both now offer semaglutide for weight loss at competitive prices ($199-299/month). Convenient if already using for other treatments.

In-Person Anti-Aging/Longevity Clinics: Local clinics specializing in hormone optimization, anti-aging, or sports medicine often prescribe broader peptide protocols than telehealth services. Benefits: Face-to-face consultations, more exotic peptides (BPC-157, TB-500, epithalon), customized stacking protocols. Downsides: Higher costs ($500-2,000/month), availability varies by location.

Compounding Pharmacies: With a prescription from your physician, compounding pharmacies create custom peptide formulations. Costs are often lower than clinics. Ensure pharmacy is licensed and offers third-party testing.

What to Look for in a Provider

Physician Oversight: Legitimate providers require consultations with licensed physicians (MD, DO, NP, PA). Avoid sites selling peptides directly without prescriptions.

Lab Testing: Quality programs include baseline and follow-up bloodwork to monitor safety and effectiveness.

Pharmaceutical-Grade or Tested Compounded Peptides: Ask if peptides come with certificates of analysis (purity, sterility testing). Avoid “research chemicals.”

Realistic Expectations: Providers promising dramatic overnight results are red flags. Peptides produce gradual improvements over months.

Transparent Pricing: Upfront costs for consultations, labs, and medications. Watch for hidden fees.

Customer Support: Access to medical staff for questions or side effect management.

What to Avoid

Research Chemical Websites: Sites selling peptides “not for human use” without prescriptions lack quality control, medical guidance, and legal protection. Savings aren’t worth the risks.

Underground/Black Market Sources: Peptides from bodybuilding forums, overseas vendors, or “research supply” companies may be contaminated, mislabeled, or fake.

Too-Good-To-Be-True Prices: Pharmaceutical-grade peptides cost $200-600/month for single peptides. If a site offers CJC-1295 for $40/month, it’s likely low quality or fake.

Providers Prescribing Without Labs: Peptides affecting hormones require baseline and monitoring labs. Skipping this step is medically irresponsible.

Cost Breakdown & Budgeting

One-Time Costs:

• Initial physician consultation: $150-300
• Baseline lab testing: $200-400
• Injection supplies (syringes, alcohol wipes, sharps container): $30-50

Ongoing Monthly Costs:

• Sermorelin: $300-500
• CJC-1295/Ipamorelin: $350-450
• Semaglutide (compounded): $200-400
• BPC-157: $200-350
• TB-500: $300-450
• Follow-up labs (every 3-6 months): $50-100/month averaged

Total for single peptide program: $350-600/month Total for multi-peptide protocol: $800-1,500/month

Insurance: Most peptides are not covered except FDA-approved drugs for specific conditions (semaglutide for diabetes, tesamorelin for HIV lipodystrophy). Weight loss peptides are rarely covered even if FDA-approved. Budget as out-of-pocket expenses.

Peptides vs. Alternatives

Peptides vs. Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

HGH (Somatropin):

• Synthetic replacement of growth hormone
• Stronger effects than GH peptides (sermorelin, CJC-1295)
• $1,000-2,000/month
• Schedule III controlled substance (strict prescribing)
• Shuts down natural GH production
• Higher side effect risk: insulin resistance, edema, joint pain, potential organ enlargement with long-term use

Growth Hormone Peptides:

• Stimulate natural GH production
• Milder, more gradual effects
• $300-500/month
• Prescription required but less restricted
• Preserve natural pulsatile GH patterns
• Lower side effect risk

Verdict: For most men, GH peptides offer better risk-benefit ratio than HGH. HGH may be appropriate for severe deficiency or specific medical conditions, but peptides are safer for longevity and body recomposition goals.

Peptides vs. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT)

TRT:

• Directly raises testosterone levels
• Addresses low testosterone symptoms (low energy, reduced libido, muscle loss)
• $100-300/month
• Shuts down natural testosterone production (requires testicular support with hCG to maintain fertility)

Growth Hormone Peptides:

• Boost GH, which has different effects than testosterone (fat loss, recovery, sleep, skin quality)
• Don’t address low testosterone directly
• Complement TRT (many men use both)

Verdict: Peptides and TRT target different hormones with distinct effects. Low testosterone symptoms require TRT; GH decline symptoms (poor recovery, stubborn fat, aging skin) benefit from GH peptides. Many longevity protocols combine both. Compare options with providers like Hone Health or Vault Health.

Peptides vs. Weight Loss Drugs (Non-Peptide)

Older Weight Loss Drugs:

• Phentermine (appetite suppressant): $30-50/month, short-term use only, stimulant side effects
• Orlistat (fat blocker): $50-100/month, GI side effects, modest weight loss (3-5%)
• Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion): $100-200/month, nausea, 5-8% weight loss

GLP-1 Peptides (Semaglutide, Tirzepatide):

• 15-21% weight loss (3-4x more effective)
• Improved metabolic health
• $200-1,500/month depending on source
• Better tolerated than older drugs once initial nausea passes

Verdict: GLP-1 peptides are by far the most effective weight loss medications available, outperforming all prior drugs. Cost is the main barrier. If budget allows, semaglutide or tirzepatide are superior to older weight loss drugs.

Peptides vs. Natural Approaches

Lifestyle Interventions (Diet, Exercise, Sleep, Stress Management):

• Free (or low cost)
• No side effects
• Produce sustainable, foundational health improvements
• Should always be optimized first

Peptides:

• Enhance results beyond what lifestyle alone achieves
• Cost $300-1,500/month
• Require ongoing use (effects reverse when stopped)
• Best used after lifestyle is dialed in

Verdict: Peptides are adjuncts, not replacements, for healthy living. Optimize diet (whole foods, adequate protein, calorie control), exercise (resistance training 3-4x/week, daily movement), sleep (7-9 hours nightly), and stress management before considering peptides. If lifestyle is optimized and you have specific deficiencies (low GH, stubborn weight, slow injury healing), peptides offer meaningful enhancements.

Making the Decision

Peptide therapy is a rapidly evolving field with both FDA-approved breakthroughs and experimental compounds of uncertain value. Here’s what you need to know:

What Works (Strong Evidence):

• Semaglutide and tirzepatide for weight loss (15-21% average loss, FDA-approved)
• Sermorelin for growth hormone optimization (FDA-approved, decades of use)
• PT-141 for sexual health (FDA-approved for women, used off-label for men)
• Thymosin alpha-1 for immune support (approved in 30+ countries)

What’s Promising (Experimental):

• BPC-157 and TB-500 for injury healing (strong animal data, widespread anecdotal support)
• CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin for body recomposition (popular in longevity/biohacking, limited human trials)
• Semax and Selank for cognitive enhancement (Russian research, minimal Western validation)

What to Be Skeptical About:

• Exotic anti-aging peptides with minimal research (epithalon, MOTS-c, etc.)
• Oral peptide supplements (poor bioavailability, likely ineffective)
• Extreme claims of “life extension” or “reversing aging” (overhyped)

How to Approach Peptides Safely:

1. Start with FDA-approved options when available (semaglutide for weight loss, sermorelin for GH optimization)
2. Work with licensed providers who prescribe pharmaceutical-grade peptides with physician oversight—providers like Hone Health, Vault Health, Maximus, or Lifeforce
3. Get regular lab testing (baseline and every 3-6 months) to monitor safety and effectiveness
4. Have realistic expectations—peptides produce gradual improvements over 3-6 months, not overnight transformations
5. Budget appropriately—$300-600/month for single peptides, $800-1,500/month for comprehensive protocols
6. Avoid research chemical vendors—quality control and legal risks outweigh cost savings

Who Should Consider Peptides:

• Men with specific hormone deficiencies (low GH) confirmed by lab testing
• Those struggling with weight loss despite optimized diet and exercise
• Athletes or active individuals dealing with slow injury recovery
• Men over 40 seeking to optimize body composition, recovery, and vitality
• Anyone wanting evidence-based alternatives to steroids or HGH

Who Should Skip Peptides (For Now):

• Anyone with unoptimized lifestyle (diet, exercise, sleep)—fix fundamentals first
• Those seeking quick fixes or magic bullets—peptides require commitment
• Budget-constrained individuals—peptides are expensive ongoing costs
• People uncomfortable with injections (most peptides require needles)
• Anyone with active cancer, pregnancy, or serious medical conditions (contraindications)

Peptides are powerful tools for men’s health optimization, but they’re tools—not cures. Used appropriately with medical guidance, quality products, and realistic expectations, peptides can enhance weight loss, improve body composition, accelerate healing, and support healthy aging. Used recklessly (sketchy sources, no medical oversight, unrealistic expectations), they’re a waste of money and potential health risk.

If peptides interest you, start with a consultation from a reputable telehealth provider to assess candidacy, review labs, and discuss which peptides (if any) align with your goals.

Related Resources

Peptides Guides:

• Understanding Testosterone - How TRT complements peptide therapy
• Weight Loss Medications: Complete Guide - Deep dive on semaglutide side effects

Peptide Provider Reviews:

• Hone Health Review - Best for comprehensive hormone + peptide optimization
• Vault Health Review - Premium peptide programs with dedicated care
• Maximus Review - Performance-focused peptide protocols
• Lifeforce Review - High-end longevity medicine with extensive peptide offerings
• Hims Review - Affordable semaglutide for weight loss
• Ro Review - Comprehensive weight loss peptide programs
• Manual Review - UK-based peptide and men’s health services
• Compare All Peptide Services - Side-by-side comparison of providers

Popular Comparisons:

• Hone Health vs Vault Health - Which peptide program is better?
• Hims vs Ro - Comparing weight loss peptide options